Factores asociados a baja agudeza visual en una población escolar de la ciudad de Bucaramanga, Colombia / Factors Associated with Low Visual Acuity in a School Population in the City of Bucaramanga, Colombia / Fatores associados à baixa acuidade visual em uma população escolar da cidade de Bucaramanga, Colômbia

Introducción. La baja agudeza es un problema de salud pública en el mundo, que aumenta año tras año, relacionada con factores comportamentales poco saludables como el sedentarismo. La baja agudeza afecta especialmente a escolares, en quienes la visión representa uno de los sistemas más importantes para su desarrollo, tanto para el aprendizaje como para las relaciones sociales. El objetivo es establecer asociación entre baja agudeza visual y características sociodemográficas y comportamentales en una población escolar de la ciudad de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Metodología. Estudio observacional de corte transversal basado en datos recolectados de encuestas a estudiantes de una institución educativa de Bucaramanga entre los años 2006 y 2017, sobre las cuales se realizó un análisis bivariado entre características sociodemográficas y comportamentales con baja agudeza visual. Resultados. La prevalencia de baja agudeza visual fue de 33.57%, con mayor prevalencia de baja agudeza visual en mujeres y aquellos con mayor índice de masa corporal. La agudeza visual baja no tuvo asociación estadísticamente significativa con las otras variables estudiadas. Discusión. Las mujeres tienen una mayor prevalencia de baja agudeza visual. Parece existir una relación entre la actividad física y la agudeza visual. Conclusiones. Las diferencias encontradas según el sexo pueden deberse a patrones comportamentales diferentes entre hombres y mujeres, como la actividad física y el sedentarismo. Hacen falta estudios que evalúen la causalidad de la asociación entre los problemas de agudeza visual y los hábitos de vida poco saludables. Palabras clave: Agudeza Visual; Adolescente; Conducta Sedentaria; Visión Ocular; Baja Visión.

Introduction. Low visual acuity is a public health problem worldwide, which is increasing year by year, and it is associated with unhealthy behavioral factors such as sedentary lifestyle. Low visual acuity particularly affects schoolchildren, whom eyesight is one of the most important abilities for their development, both in terms of learning and social interactions. The objective of this study is to establish an association between low visual acuity, sociodemographic, and behavioral characteristics of a student population in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methodology. This was a cross-sectional observational study based on data collected from surveys of students within an educational institution sited in Bucaramanga between 2006 and 2017. A bivariate analysis was conducted between sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics and low visual acuity. Results. The prevalence of low visual acuity was 33.57%, with a higher prevalence of low visual acuity in women and those with a higher body mass index. However, low visual acuity didn't have a statistically significant association with the other variables studied. Discussion. Women have a higher prevalence of low visual acuity. There appears to be an association between physical activity and visual acuity. Conclusions. The encountered differences according to sex may be due to different behavioral patterns between males and females, such as physical activity and sedentary lifestyle. Further studies are needed to assess the causality of the association. Keywords: Visual Acuity; Adolescent; Sedentary Behavior; Vision, Ocular; Vision, Low.

Introdução. A baixa acuidade é um problema de saúde pública no mundo, que aumenta a cada ano, relacionada a fatores comportamentais pouco saudáveis, como o sedentarismo. A baixa acuidade atinge especialmente as crianças em idade escolar, para as quais a visão representa um dos sistemas mais importantes para o seu desenvolvimento, tanto para a aprendizagem quanto para as relações sociais. O objetivo é estabelecer uma associação entre baixa acuidade visual e características sociodemográficas e comportamentais em uma população escolar na cidade de Bucaramanga, Colômbia. Metodologia. Estudo observacional transversal baseado em dados coletados em pesquisas com estudantes de uma instituição de ensino de Bucaramanga entre 2006 e 2017, nos quais foi realizada uma análise bivariada entre características sociodemográficas e comportamentais com baixa acuidade visual. Resultados. A prevalência de baixa acuidade visual foi de 33.57%, com maior prevalência de baixa acuidade visual em mulheres e naqueles com maior índice de massa corporal. A baixa acuidade visual não teve associação estatisticamente significativa com as demais variáveis estudadas. Discussão. As mulheres apresentam maior prevalência de baixa acuidade visual. Parece haver uma relação entre atividade física e acuidade visual. Conclusões. As diferenças encontradas segundo o sexo podem ser decorrentes de diferentes padrões comportamentais entre homens e mulheres, como atividade física e sedentarismo. Estudos são necessários para avaliar a causalidade da associação entre problemas de acuidade visual e hábitos de vida pouco saudáveis. Palavras-chave: Acuidade Visual; Adolescente; Comportamento Sedentário; Visão Ocular; Baixa Visão.

Aproximaciones sobre el acto de mirar: la peste de Azoth

Las neurociencias contemporáneas continúan separando el acto de ver en los procesos de la visión y los procesos de la motricidad ocular, sin plantear aun una explicación unificadora de ambos en una misma realidad: como el acto de mirar. El objetivo del presente artículo es explicar este acto a través de la serie de eventos neurológicos que suceden y entender que se mira con la conciencia. Se explican los procesos visuales en base al enfoque neurocientífico contemporáneo y la Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional en "La Peste de Azoth" de Nicolas Poussin. Mientras que la explicación tradicional de la neurociencia refiere que todo estímulo activa un receptor, siguiendo una vía nerviosa hasta el cerebro, desde la Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional, el acto de mirar es una actividad epiconsciente, una construcción que resulta de la suma emergente de los cinco niveles de complejidad. Estos integran este proceso en los movimientos que describen los ojos y la acción de lo que se mira simultáneamente. "La Peste de Azoth" muestra una ciudad azotada por la peste bubónica, con dos rasgos: maldición divina y presencia de miasmas respirables. Poussin no solo pintó los motivos de una explicación mágica (tradicional) y científica, sino también de una explicación tecnológica (bacteriológica) que emergería dos siglos después de su muerte. En conclusión, el acto de mirar desde la Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional, es un proceso que principian en el neocortex y que integra la información en cinco niveles. Esta explicación permite entender La Peste de Azoth" como un enfoque tecnológico adelantado.

Contemporary neurosciences continue to separate the act of seeing in the processes of vision and the processes of ocular motor skills, without even proposing a unifying explanation of both aspects of the same reality: as the act of looking. The aim of this article is to explain the act of looking through the series of neurological events that occur and to understand that one looks with consciousness. Visual processes are explained based on the contemporary neuroscientific approach and Informational Sociobiological Theory in Nicolas Poussin's "The Plague of Azoth". While the traditional explanation traditional explanation of neuroscience refers that every stimulus activates a receptor, following a nervous path to the brain, from the Informational Sociobiological Theory, the act of looking is an epiconscious activity, a construction that results from the sum emerging from the five levels of complexity. These integrate this process in the movements that describe the eyes and the action of what is seen simultaneously. "The Plague of Azoth" shows a city plagued by the bubonic plague, with two traits: a divine curse and the presence of breathable miasmas. Poussin not only painted the grounds for a magical (traditional) and scientific explanation, but also for a technological (bacteriological) explanation that would emerge two centuries after his death. In conclusion, the act of looking from the Informational Sociobiological Theory is a process that begins in the neocortex and that integrates information at five levels. This explanation allows us to understand "The Plague of Azoth" as an advanced technological approach.

Value of virtual operating system for visual behavioral assessment in mice models of visual disease / 中华实验眼科杂志

Visual behaviorally operant method is one of the main detections for identifying animal models of visual diseases, which is mainly through the optomotor response (OMR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) stimulated by the virtual operating system (VOS). The automated VOS was commonly used as a powerful tool to control the contrast sensitivity and measure the spatial frequency of the monitoring device by adjusting parameters such as grating fringe width, rotation velocity and light intensity, and also to track the OKR, OMR, and the combined movement of OKR and OMR.Both the optimized measuring methods and evaluation indicators including the search coils, the corneal labeling, OMR-arena system, the OMR index, the staircase protocol tests and the improved stimuli from two-dimensional to three-dimensional helped to ensure the validity of test data.Moreover, the introduction of image recognition technology benefited in extracting the body and head contours of mice.Computer algorithms such as deep learning were also applied to analyze and process the visual behavior of diseased mice, which promoted sensitivity, shortened testing time, reduced detection errors and improved data accuracy.For all the factors mentioned, the VOS could be used as an effective research tool for glaucoma, cataract, retinopathy, hereditary eye disease, optic nerve degeneration and others.This article reviewed the value of VOS for visual behavioral assessment in mice models of visual disease from the visual detection methods and assessment indicators.

Clinical observation of acupuncture treatment for children with accommodative myopia / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective:To observe the effect of acupuncture in the treatment of accommodative myopia in children.Methods:A total of 76 children with accommodative myopia who met the inclusion criteria were divided into a control group or a test group according to the random number table method,with 38 cases in each group.The control group was given education on eye hygiene,and the test group was treated with acupuncture twice a week for 2 months in addition to the intervention used in the control group.The patient's uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),refraction,and axial length(AL)were measured before treatment and 1 month and 2 months after treatment.Results:After 1 month of treatment,there was no significant difference in the UCVA between the two groups(P＞0.05);after 2 months of treatment,the UCVA of the test group was better than that of the control group(P＜0.05).After 1 and 2 months of treatment,the refraction of the two groups was significantly different from that before treatment(P＜0.01),but there was no significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 1 and 2 months of treatment,the AL in the control group was increased compared with that before treatment(P＜0.05),while there was no significant change in the test group(P＞0.05),and there was no significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion:Acupuncture treatment can improve UCVA in children with accommodative myopia.

Therapeutic effects of conbercept combined with retinal laser photocoagulation on diabetic macular edema in 45 patients / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effects of conbercept combined with retinal laser photocoagulation on diabetic macular edema (DME) and the effects of the combined therapy on best corrected visual acuity, macular fovea thickness, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and human stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) levels in aqueous humor of patients with DME.Methods:Ninety patients with DME who received treatment in Lishui People's Hospital between November 2016 and December 2019 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to undergo retinal laser photocoagulation (control group, n = 45) or retinal laser photocoagulation combined with conbercept treatment (study group, n = 45). Therapeutic effects, best corrected visual acuity, macular fovea thickness, and VEGF and SDF-1 levels in aqueous humor were compared between the two groups. The incidence of complications was compared between the two groups. Results:Total response rate in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group [88.89% (40/45) vs. 68.89% (31/45), χ2 = 5.40, P = 0.020]. After 3 months of treatment, VEGF and SDF-1 levels in aqueous humor were (138.71 ± 16.82) ng/L and (415.18 ± 24.87) mg/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(276.13 ± 15.96) ng/L, (526.06 ± 22.91) mg/L, t = 39.76, 21.98, both P < 0.001]. After 3 months of treatment, macular fovea thickness and best corrected visual acuity in the study group were (339.52 ± 30.12) μm and 0.47 ± 0.08, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(398.65 ± 28.23) μm, 0.36 ± 0.09, t = 6.13, 9.61, both P < 0.01]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups [13.33% (6/45) vs. 11.11% (5/45), χ2 = 0.10, P > 0.05]. Conclusion:Conbercept combined with retinal laser photocoagulation for the treatment of DME has a definite therapeutic effect. The combined therapy can greatly improve the best corrected visual acuity, reduce macular fovea thickness, decrease VEGF and SDF-1 levels in aqueous humor, and does not increase the incidence of complications. Findings from this study have a certain clinical application value.

Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in Tibet / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients in Tibet.Methods:A total of 239 patients with DR who received treatment in Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region from December 2017 to December 2018 were included in this study. They were divided into Han nationality and Zang nationality groups according to ethnicity. The condition of DR was evaluated with nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography according to the staging criteria of the severity of retinopathy.Results:The prevalence of DR in Tibet was 18.0％. The prevalence of DR in Tibetan and Han patients with diabetes was 17.5% and 19.2%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of DR between Tibetan and Han patients with diabetes ( χ2 = 0.10, P = 0.754). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors of developing DR in Tibet included diabetes duration ( OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.05-1.24, P < 0.05), insulin therapy ( OR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.09-6.89, P < 0.05), fasting plasma glucose ( OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.07-1.75, P < 0.05) and hypertension ( OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.02-3.86, P < 0.05). Diabetes duration and fasting plasma glucose are independent risk factors of DR. However, although elevated glycated hemoglobin levels were high in Tibet, they could not be used to predict the risk for developing DR ( OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.82-1.25, P > 0.05). Conclusion:Hyperglycemia is an important risk factor of developing DR in Tibet. However, elevated glycated hemoglobin levels cannot be used to predict the risk of developing DR in Tibet. Findings from this study fill the gap in the research on DR prevalence and ethic difference of DR prevalence, providing scientific evidence for prevention and treatment of DR in high-altitude areas.

Evaluation and reconstruction of visual function based on virtual reality technology / 中华实验眼科杂志

Virtual reality (VR) is a computer simulation system that can create and let users experience three-dimensional virtual scenes, and can provide users with multi-sensory information.In recent years, with the rapid development of 5G, artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing, the application of VR technology in the field of ophthalmology has ushered in new opportunities and challenges.In terms of visual function assessment such as visual acuity, accommodative function, stereoscopic vision, VR combined with infrared eye tracking, binocular dichoptic vision and human-computer interaction can fully control the content presented to user, and provide the possibility to achieve personalized and automated diagnosis, which can effectively reduce labor costs.In the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus and amblyopia, VR combined with the above technologies and environmental immersion, three-dimensional imaging can provide users with rich images, reducing the difficulty of eye position measurement in strabismus and inhibition quantification in amblyopia.VR improves the fun and compliance of strabismus training, amblyopia training and stereoscopic training by imitating training paradigms such as convergence insufficiency training and visual perception training.The combination of augmented reality technology and computer-generated visual enhancement, holographic imaging, three-dimensional audio prompts and adaptive optics can effectively compensate for the visual defects of people with low vision and improve their quality of life.In the field of myopia prevention and control, the pros and cons of VR are still controversial, but it still has potential application value.In this article, the application status of virtual (augmented) reality technology in the assessment and reconstruction of visual function were reviewed, and the challenges it may face were analyzed, with a view to promoting the combination of medicine and engineering in ophthalmology diagnosis and treatment.

Regulatory effect of acupuncture on electrical activity level of optic cortex in amblyopia model rats / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To explore the abnormal changes in neuroelectric activity in the primary visual cortex of rats deprived of vision in one eye and to investigate the regulatory effect of acupuncture in the sensitive period on the abnormal coding and conduction of electrical signals of rats' optic neurons.Methods: Sixty 14-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group, an early-stage acupuncture group, a middle-stage acupuncture group, and a late-stage acupuncture group, with 12 rats in each group. Rats in every group except the blank group received right eyelid suturing to create a monocular deprivation model in the sensitive period of visual development (from the day rats open their eyes to the 45th day after their birth). Rats in the three acupuncture groups started to undergo acupuncture respectively on the 3rd, 12th, and 21st days after the model replication was done, with each group receiving nine-day treatment. The activity level of the neuroelectrical signal of the primary visual cortex in each group, including the latency and amplitude of P100 wave, average discharge frequency and amplitude of neurons, the power spectral density (PSD), and interspike interval (ISI), were measured by neuroelectric evaluation technology after the acupuncture treatment was finished. Results: Compared with the blank group, the latency of P100 wave in the visual center of vision-deprived eyes was significantly prolonged, and the amplitude was significantly reduced (P<0.05); the average discharge frequency and amplitude of the neurons in the visual cortex also decreased significantly (P<0.05); PSD decreased and ISI was prolonged significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the abnormal electrical activity of optic neurons in the three acupuncture groups ameliorated, the latency of P100 shortened, and the amplitude of P100 increased (P<0.05), the discharge frequency and amplitude increased significantly (P<0.05), the PSD reduced, and the ISI shortened (P<0.05). In addition, among the three acupuncture groups, the early-stage acupuncture group had the best effect on various indicators. Conclusion: Abnormal electrophysiological activity is significant in the visual center of vision-deprived rats, and acupuncture treatment in the sensitive period of visual development can enhance the bioelectrical activity of visual nerve cells, improve the efficiency of optic nerve conduction, and regulate the inhibition and retardation of visual response caused by visual deprivation.

Physiological changes in vision during aging: perceptions of older adults and healthcare providers / Cambios fisiológicos en la visión durante el envejecimiento: la percepción de las personas mayores y de los profesionales / Alterações fisiológicas da visão durante o envelhecimento: percepção de idosos e profissionais

Objective. To identify the physiological changes in older adults' vision during the aging process. Methods. An exploratory, descriptive study with a qualitative approach was conducted with 20 older adults and six healthcare providers who worked with older adults in João Pessoa, Paraíba (Brazil). The Focus Group Technique was used for data collection, with the collected information subsequently being submitted to Inductive Thematic Analysis using textual analysis software. Results. The physiological changes related to vision were described by both the older adults and healthcare providers using the following words: vision, difficulty; see; cataract; glasses; surgery; more; age; eye; and no. These terms represent declines in vision resulting from advancing age which significantly modify the daily lives of older adults and their families. Conclusion. The perception of the older adults and the healthcare providers who care for them regarding the physiological changes in vision throughout the aging process shows that the loss of visual acuity significantly affects the daily life of older adults and their families.

Objetivo. Describir la percepción de las personas mayores y de los profesionales que trabajan con ellas sobre los cambios fisiológicos en la visión durante el proceso de envejecimiento. Métodos. Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo con análisis cualitativo, realizado con 20 adultos mayores y seis profesionales de la salud que trabajan con adultos mayores en Paraíba (Brasil). Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó la técnica de grupo focal. A la información recopilada se le realizó el análisis de temática inductiva con la ayuda del software de análisis textual. Resultados. Tanto los adultos mayores como los profesionales describieron los cambios fisiológicos relacionados con la visión con las siguientes palabras: visión, dificultad, ver, catarata, anteojos, cirugía, más, edad, ojo y "no". Conclusión. La percepción de los adultos mayores y de profesionales que los atienden sobre los cambios fisiológicos en la visión muestra que la pérdida de la agudeza visual modifica significativamente la vida cotidiana del anciano y la de su familia.

Objetivo: Descriver a percepção de idosos e profissionais que trabalham com idosos sobre as alterações fisiológicas da visão durante o processo de envelhecimento. Métodos: Estudo exploratório, descritivo, com análise qualitativa, realizado com 20 idosos e seis profissionais de saúde que trabalham com idosos em João Pessoa, Paraíba (Brasil). Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se a Técnica de Grupos Focais, sendo que os dados foram submetidos à Análise Temática Indutiva com auxílio de um software de análise textual. Resultados: As alterações fisiológicas relacionadas à visão foram descritas tanto pelos idosos quanto pelos profissionais por meio das seguintes palavras: visão, dificuldade; enxergar; catarata; óculos; cirurgia; mais; idade; olho e não. Esses termos representam declínios da visão decorrentes do avanço da idade que modificam significativamente o cotidiano dos idosos e seus familiares. Conclusão. A percepção dos idosos e dos profissionais que os cuidam sobre as alterações fisiológicas da visão mostra que a perda da acuidade visual modifica significativamente o cotidiano do idoso e de sua família.

Neuropatía óptica asociada con lesión de Dieulafoy / Optic neuropathy associated with a Dieulafoy´s lesion

Objetivo: describir el caso de un paciente del Hospital de San José de Bogotá con hemorragia del tracto digestivo superior secundaria a lesión de Dieulafoy, que presentó cuadro compatible con neuropatía óptica anterior isquémica no arterítica (NOIANA). Metodología: se hace una revisión narrativa y búsqueda sistemática de la literatura para determinar las características clínicas, demográficas, tratamiento y pronóstico visual de los pacientes con NOIANA. Materiales y métodos: reporte de caso, revisión narrativa y búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en las bases de datos Medline (vía Ovid) y Embase de NOIANA secundaria a hipovolemia. Se analizaron las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, diagnóstico, condiciones asociadas, tratamiento y pronóstico visual. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: la mejoría de agudeza visual final en los pacientes que presentaron un episodio de NOIANA es incierta. En 42% hubo algún tipo de mejoría de la agudeza visual, independiente del tratamiento recibido. Menos del 50% de los casos clínicos reportados incluidos en este estudio que recibieron tratamiento con corticoides intravenosos mejoraron la visión. Discusión: la NOIANA por choque hipovolémico es una entidad infrecuente y poco reportada que puede generar cambios irreversibles en la agudeza visual, por lo que es importante sospecharla y detectarla para dar un manejo oportuno. Conclusión: este caso de NOIANA es uno de los pocos descritos como secundarios a hemorragia digestiva y el primero asociado con lesión de Dieulafoy.

Objetive: to describe the case of a patient from Hospital de San José in Bogotá with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding secondary to a Dieulafoy ́s lesion, who presented symptoms compatible with a non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION). Methodology: a narrative review and systemic search of the literature was conducted to determine the clinical and demographic characteristics, treatment and visual prognosis in patients with NA-AION. Materials and methods: case report, narrative review and systematic search of the literature in Medline via Ovid and Embase databases on NA-AION secondary to hypovolemia. Sociodemographic and clinical variables, diagnosis, associated conditions, treatment and visual prognosis were analyzed. A statistical analysis was performed using absolute and relative frequencies. Results: improvement of final visual acuity in patients who presented a NA-AION episode was uncertain. In 42% there was some kind of visual acuity improvement regardless of treatment received. Vision improved in less than 50% of the reported clinical cases included in this study that received treatment with intravenous steroids. Discussion: hypovolemic NA-AION is a rare and underreported entity that may generate irreversible changes in visual acuity, so it is important to suspect and detect it to provide timely management. Conclusion: this case of NA-AION is one of the few described as secondary to gastrointestinal bleeding and the first associated with a Dieulafoy ́s lesion.

Efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide injection behind the eyeball in the treatment of Purtscher disease and its effect on vision, inflammatory factors, nitric oxide and endothelin-1 of aqueous fluid / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide injection behind the eyeball in the treatment of Purtscher disease and its effects on vision, inflammatory factors, nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) of aqueous fluid.Methods:A total of 64 patients with Purtscher disease admitted to First People′s Hospital of Lanzhou City from January 2016 to January 2020 were selected and divided into two groups by random number table, with 32 cases in each group. The control group was given conventional treatment, and the observation group was injected with triamcinolone acetonide behind the eyeball on this basis. The total effective rate after 6 weeks of treatment, the best corrected visual acuity and hemodynamic indicators peak flow velocity (V max), end-diastolic flow velocity (V min), resistance index (RI) of ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery during systole, aqueous humor inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, NO, ET-1, and adverse reactions after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment were compared between the two groups. Results:After 6 weeks of treatment, the total effective rate in the observation group was higher than that in the control group: 96.9% (31/32) vs. 75.0% (24/32), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 = 4.655, P<0.05). After 3, 6 weeks of treatment, the best corrected visual acuity in the observation group was higher than that in the control group: 0.44 ± 0.13 vs. 0.35 ± 0.12, 0.88 ± 0.16 vs. 0.62 ± 0.15, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). After 3, 6 weeks of treatment, the V max and V min of the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery in the observation group were higher than those in the control group: after 3 weeks of treatment: (29.42 ± 0.93) cm/s vs. (28.65 ± 0.90) cm/s, (8.04 ± 1.08) cm/s vs. (6.95 ± 1.12) cm/s, (8.42 ± 1.21) cm/s vs. (8.39 ± 1.19) cm/s, (4.05 ± 0.61) cm/s vs.(3.58 ± 0.57) cm/s; after 6 weeks of treatment: (31.72 ± 1.03) cm/s vs. (29.58 ± 0.95) cm/s, (9.81 ± 1.06) cm/s vs. (7.78 ± 1.15) cm/s, (12.01 ± 1.23) cm/s vs. (10.82 ± 1.07) cm/s, (4.65 ± 0.47) cm/s vs. (4.02 ± 0.36) cm/s; the RI of the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery in the observation group were lower than those in the control group: after 3 weeks of treatment: 0.76 ± 0.06 vs. 0.80 ± 0.05, 0.70 ± 0.03 vs. 0.76 ± 0.04; after 6 weeks of treatment: 0.71 ± 0.05 vs.0.75 ± 0.04, 0.68 ± 0.04 vs.0.72 ± 0.03, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). After 3 and 6 weeks of treatment, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 of aqueous fluid in the observation group werelower than those in the control group: after 3 weeks of treatment: (2.61 ± 0.38) μg/L vs.(4.75 ± 0.41) μg/L, (3.45 ± 0.28) μg/L vs.(6.28 ± 1.05) μg/L, (6.28 ± 0.34) μg/L vs. (9.45 ± 1.14)μg/L, (9.82 ± 1.66) ng/L vs. (12.45 ± 2.31) ng/L; after 6 weeks of treatment: (0.98 ± 0.23) μg/L vs. (1.44 ± 0.27) μg/L, (1.11 ± 0.36) μg/L vs. (1.69 ± 0.38) μg/L, (3.68 ± 1.02) μg/L vs. (5.73 ± 1.15) μg/L, (4.11 ± 1.19) ng/L vs. (7.38 ± 1.06) ng/L, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). After 3, 6 weeks of treatment, the levels of NO in the observation group washigher than that in the control group: (56.49 ± 9.17) μmol/L vs. (50.22 ± 8.68) μmol/L, (60.18 ± 8.27) μmol/L vs. (53.24 ± 7.96) μmol/L; the levels of ET-1 waslower than that in the control group: (60.77 ± 9.61) ng/L vs. (65.02 ± 10.85) ng/L, (56.59 ± 7.22) ng/L vs. (61.18 ± 6.76) ng/L, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the two groups had no statistical significance ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The injection of triamcinolone acetonide behind the eyeball to treat Purtscher disease can improve ocular hemodynamics, inhibit inflammation, improve vascular endothelial function and improve visual acuity. It has significant curative effect and certain safety.

Clinical outcomes of micro incision prechop phacoemulsification in patients with nuclear cataract / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To study the therapeutic effect of 1.8 mm micro incision prechop phacoemulsification (PE) in patients with nuclear cataract.Methods:The clinical data of 120 patients with nuclear cataract from June to December 2018 in Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 60 patients were treated with 1.8 mm micro incision prechop PE (prechop group), and 60 patients were treated with 1.8 mm micro incision PE (non-prechop group). The effective ultrasonic time and ultrasonic energy were recorded. The changes of optimum corrected vision, astigmatism degree and related indexes of corneal endothelial cells 1 d before operation and 1 d, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months after operation were compared between 2 groups.Results:The effective ultrasonic time and ultrasonic energy in prechop group were significantly lower than those in non-prechop group: (44.04 ± 8.93) s vs. (59.03 ± 9.98) s and (11.29 ± 1.08)% vs. (14.15 ± 1.16)%, and there were statistical differences ( t = 4.139 and 5.289, <0.05). No serious complications occurred in both groups. There was no statistical difference in optimum corrected vision 1d before operation and 1 d after operation between 2 groups ( P>0.05); the optimum corrected vision 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after operation in prechop group was significantly better than that in non-prechop group, and there was statistical difference ( P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in astigmatism degree before and after operation ( P>0.05). The density of corneal endothelial cells and the proportion of hexagonal cells after operation in prechop group were significantly higher than those in non-prechop group, the area of corneal endothelial cells and variation coefficient were significantly lower than those in non-prechop group, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The 1.8 mm micro incision prechop PE to treat nuclear cataract can effectively reduce astigmatism degree after operation and damage corneal endothelial cells in lower degree. And it is better to patients′ postoperative visual recovery.

Relationship between human eye aberration compensation and visual quality / 中华实验眼科杂志

Wavefront aberration is an evaluation index of objective visual quality.In recent years, the relationship between the wavefront aberration compensation in human eyes and the visual quality has been paid more and more attention.There is a mutual compensation relationship between various aberration terms, between corneal aberration and intraocular aberration, and between the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces, and the visual nervous system compensates human eye aberrations.The characteristics of aberration compensation change with age, and are different in analysis of different regions.Vision correction methods, such as refractive surgery and contact lenses, will change the aberration compensation relationship in human eyes, and the changes caused may have an impact on visual quality.It is important to understand the relationship between the aberration compensation characteristics in human eyes and the visual quality.Therefore, not only the existing aberrations should be taken into consideration, but also the compensation characteristics of human eye aberrations must be elucidated to make personalized correction for the aberrations and improve the visual quality after correction.The research progress and significance on the relationship between human eye aberration compensation characteristics and visual quality were reviewed in this article.

Catarata e a expressao cromática na obra de Monet / Cataract and chromatic expression in Monet's work

Resumo Por conta de uma doença ocular, a obra de Monet foi analisada por múltiplas facetas, incluindo o reflexo da deterioração de sua visão nos seus trabalhos, motivo deste trabalho de revisão. Tendo como referência este panorama, propõe-se aqui pensar, por meio de algumas obras marcantes da biografia de Monet, a doença ocular catarata e o seu papel na história de vida deste pintor.

Abstract Due to the ocular disease, Monet's work was analyzed by multiple facets, including the reflection of the deterioration of his vision in his works, reason for this work of revision. With reference to this panorama, it is proposed here to think, by means of some remarkable works of the biography of Monet, the ocular cataract disease and the paper of this in the history of this painter's life.

Metodologia de ensino de anatomia do globo ocular / Methodology of teaching anatomy of the ocular globe

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver uma metodologia que aproxime o discente do conteúdo abordado nas aulas de anatomia do globo ocular. Métodos: Foi realizada uma incisão circular na lâmina orbital do osso frontal de um cadáver humano de uma instituição em saúde e, para acessar as estruturas orbitárias, foram dissecadas as estruturas da área criando uma via para a injeção de uma solução de borracha de silicone branca entre o cristalino e a retina com posterior enucleação e dissecação final. Resultados: O emprego da técnica permitiu que os discentes do curso construíssem o conhecimento tátil do órgão em questão e transformando o saber teórico em prático, reconhecendo músculos, funcionalidade, vasos sanguíneos e estruturas oculares durante o procedimento de dissecação. Conclusão: A metodologia empregada no presente estudo é uma opção viável para o ensino da anatomia do olho.

Abstract Objective: The objective of the present study was to develop a methodology that approximates the student of the content addressed in the classes of anatomy of the eyeball. Methods: A circular incision was made in the orbital blade of the frontal bone of a human cadaver of a health institution and, to access the orbital structures, the area structures were dissected creating a pathway for the injection of a solution of white silicone rubber between the lens and the retina with subsequent enucleation and final dissection. Results: The use of the technique allowed the students of the course to construct the tactile knowledge of the organ in question and transform the theoretical knowledge into practice, recognizing muscles, functionality, blood vessels and ocular structures during the dissection procedure. Conclusion: The methodology used in the present study is a viable option for teaching the anatomy of the eye.

Visual development in children aged 0 to 6 years / Desenvolvimento visual infantil em crianças de 0 a 6 anos de idade

ABSTRACT Purposes: This study aimed to present the characteristics of visual development from a clinical viewpoint in infants and preschool children aged 0-6 years who were born at term with no pregnancy or childbirth complications. Methods: We conducted a bibliographic review on visual development in infants and preschool children. Results: We described visual development in children according to age groups: 0-1 month, 1-3 months, 3-6 months, 6-10 months, 10 months-1 year and 4 months, 1 year and 4 months-2 years, 2-4 years, and 4-6 years. Conclusion: Visual responses in infants and preschool children born at term and with normal development were observed to occur in an integrated manner with neuromotor functions in addition to cognitive and psycho-emotional sensory, behavioral, and visual capacity.

RESUMO Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar as características do desenvolvimento visual do ponto de vista clínico em bebês e pré-escolares de 0 a 6 anos que nasceram a termo sem complicações na gravidez ou no parto. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o desenvolvimento visual em lactentes e pré-escolares. Resultados: Descrevemos o desenvolvimento visual em crianças de acordo com as faixas etárias: 0-1 mês, 1 a 3 meses, 3 a 6 meses, 6 a 10 meses, 10 meses a 1 ano e 4 meses, 1 ano e 4 meses a 2 anos, 2 a 4 anos e 4 a 6 anos. Conclusão: Observou-se que as respostas visuais em lactentes e pré-escolares nascidos a termo e com desenvolvimento normal ocorrem de forma integrada às funções neuromotoras, além da capacidade sensorial, comportamental e visual cognitiva e psicoemocional.

Efficacy and safety of conbercept injection in the treatment of exudative senile macular degeneration / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To investigate the efficacy and safety of conbercept injection in the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration(AMD).@*Methods@#From October 2016 to October 2017, 300 patients(300 eyes) with exudative AMD in Linfen Central Hospital were divided into two groups according to the random number table method.The study group(150 cases and 150 eyes) received intravitreal injection of 0.05 mL of conbercept once a month for 3 months.The control group(150 cases and 150 eyes) received conservative treatment.All patients were followed up for 12 months after treatment.The differences of BCVA, CMT, QOL, clinical efficacy and complications between the two groups were compared.@*Results@#BCVA was significantly increased and CMT was significantly decreased in the two groups after treatment, and BCVA was higher in the study group at 9 months [(0.55±0.11) vs.(0.51±0.15)], 12 months [(0.59±0.21) vs.(0.53±0.11)] after treatment compared with the control group(t=2.634, 3.010, all P<0.05), and CMT was lower in the study group at 1-12 months after treatment(t=5.321, 20.035, 25.593, 22.456, 26.326, 27.005, all P<0.05). At the last follow-up, the distant vision, regulating ability, reading and fine work scores in the study group were (55.27±8.24)points, (30.21±5.20)points, (20.15±5.01)points, (47.02±12.34)points, respectively, which were better than those in the control group[(50.21±6.35)points, (25.34±4.17)points, (16.24±3.27)points, (40.25±9.25)points](t=6.352, 5.324, 6.392, 8.251, all P<0.05). The total effective rate of the study group[88.00%(132/150)] was higher than that of the control group[76.67%(115/150)](χ2=6.623, P<0.05). There were no serious complications in the two groups.@*Conclusion@#Conbercept injection can significantly improve the eyesight of exudative AMD patients, improve the quality of life, it is safe and reliable, and its treatment effect for AMD is better than traditional conservative treatment.

The effect of form deprivation on the morphology of retinal ganglion cells in mice / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of form deprivation on the morphology of different types of RGC in mice.Methods Sixty B6.Cg-Tg (Thy1-YFP) HJrs/J transgenic mice were randomly assigned to form-deprived group (n=28) and control group (n=32). The right eyes of mice in the form-deprived group were covered by an occluder for 2 weeks as experimental eyes. The right eyes of mice in the control group were taken as control eyes. Before and 2 weeks after form deprivation, the refraction and ocular biometrics were measured; RGC were stained with Bra3a antibody and counted; the morphology of RGC was reconstructed with Neuroexplore software after immunohistochemical staining. The data was compared among experimental eyes, fellow eyes and control eyes by one-way analysis of variance.Results Two weeks after form deprivation, the axial myopia was observed in the experimental eyes (refraction:F=15.009,P<0.001; vitreous chamber depth:F=3.360,P=0047; ocluar axial length:F=5.011,P=0013). The number of RGC in central retina of the experimental eyes was decreased compared with the fellow eyes and the control eyes (F=4.769,P=0.035). The reconstructed RGC were classified into 4 types according to their dendritic morphology. Form deprivation affected all 4 types of RGC but in a different way. Among them, 3 types of RGC were likely contribute to form vision perception. Form deprivation increased the dendrite branches in these types of ganglion cells. However, form deprivation decreasd dendrite segment numbers in both eyes and the intersection and length insholl analyse type 4 ganglion cells which were morphologically identified as ipRGC.Conclusion Form deprivation distinguishingly affects the morphology of different types of RGC, indicating that form vision and non-form vision play different role in myopia development.

Efficacy and safety of conbercept injection in the treatment of exudative senile macular degeneration / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of conbercept injection in the treatment of exudative age－related macular degeneration ( AMD).Methods From October 2016 to October 2017,300 patients (300 eyes) with exudative AMD in Linfen Central Hospital were divided into two groups according to the random number table method.The study group (150 cases and 150 eyes ) received intravitreal injection of 0.05 mL of conbercept once a month for 3 months.The control group(150 cases and 150 eyes) received conservative treatment. All patients were followed up for 12 months after treatment.The differences of BCVA ,CMT,QOL,clinical efficacy and complications between the two groups were compared.Results BCVA was significantly increased and CMT was significantly decreased in the two groups after treatment,and BCVA was higher in the study group at 9 months [(0.55 ± 0.11) vs.(0.51 ±0.15)],12 months [(0.59 ±0.21) vs.(0.53 ±0.11)] after treatment compared with the control group(t＝2.634,3.010,all P＜0.05),and CMT was lower in the study group at 1－12 months after treatment(t＝5.321, 20.035,25.593,22.456,26.326,27.005,all P＜0.05).At the last follow－up,the distant vision,regulating ability, reading and fine work scores in the study group were (55.27 ±8.24) points,(30.21 ±5.20) points,(20.15 ± 5.01)points,(47.02 ±12.34) points,respectively, which were better than those in the control group [( 50.21 ± 6.35)points,(25.34 ±4.17)points,(16.24 ±3.27)points,(40.25 ±9.25) points](t＝6.352,5.324,6.392,8.251, all P＜0.05).The total effective rate of the study group [88.00%(132／150)] was higher than that of the control group[76.67%(115／150)](χ2 ＝6.623,P＜0.05).There were no serious complications in the two groups.Conclusion Conbercept injection can significantly improve the eyesight of exudative AMD patients ,improve the quality of life,it is safe and reliable,and its treatment effect for AMD is better than traditional conservative treatment .

Teste do reflexo vermelho: quando deve ser aplicado e qual benefício oferece? / Red glares test: when should be applied and benefit what gives?

O presente artigo tem como objetivo abordar aspectos acerca da importância do teste do reflexo vermelho, também chamado de "teste do olhinho" na prevenção de doenças visuais desenvolvidas ainda na gestação ou na infância, uma vez que estas doenças podem ser responsáveis por causar a perda parcial ou total da visão, acarretando enorme prejuízo para o indivíduo nas dimensões física, cognitiva e social. A realização do teste do reflexo vermelho pode ajudar significativamente no combate a uma gama de patologias ainda antes dos seis meses de vida, podendo assim aumentar exponencialmente a chance de cura ou podendo amenizar drasticamente as características da doença.

This article aims to address aspects of the importance of the red reflex test, also called "little eye test" in preventing developed visual disorders even during pregnancy or childhood, since these diseases may be responsible for causing loss partial or total vision, causing enormous damage to the individual in the physical, cognitive and social dimensions. The realization of the red reflex test can significantly help to combat a range of diseases even before six months of life, and thus can exponentially increase the chance of cure or can dramatically ease the characteristics of the disease.